This article introduces chemical machinery in the chemical industry and further explains and describes chemical machinery according to its various classifications, examples of chemical machinery and equipment, and their brief descriptions.
Contents
I, Definition of chemical machinery
They include the machinery that processes raw materials into certain specifications of the finished products, by raw materials pretreatment, chemical reactions, reaction products of the separation, and refining.
II, Categories of chemical machinery：
2.1 Classified by state of motion on machinery's part:
2.1.1 Chemical Machines
Chemical machines mainly refer to machines, whose main parts are moving.
2.1.1.1 Typical Appearance of Chemical Machines
2.1.1.1.1 Material treatment machines
Various filters, crushers, centrifugal separators, rotary kilns, rotary dryers,
agitators (mixers), and fluid-conveying machinery.
Fluid conveying machinery:
Usually, the machinery for liquid transport is called pumps, including high-pressure pumps, circulating pumps, centrifugal pumps, and explosion-proof pumps.
The pumps are mainly used to transport liquids such as water, oil, acid and alkali liquids, emulsions, suspensions, and liquid metals. They can also transport liquid and gas mixtures and liquids containing suspended solids.
The machines for gas transporting are called ventilators, blowers, compressors, and vacuum pumps according to the high and low pressures they produce.
2.1.1.1.2 Refrigeration and heating machines:
Molten salt furnace, oil bath furnace, high-and-low-temperature circulation machine, electromagnetic heating equipment, and infrared heating equipment.
2.1.1.1.3 Motor:
DC motor, AC motor, and their Explosion-proof motors.
2.1.1.1.4 Reducer:
The reducer is a reduction transmission machine used between the prime mover and the working machine.
| Name |
Type |
Speed Ratio |
Features |
| Steering box |
single shaft, double transverse shaft, single longitudinal shaft, and double longitudinal shaft |
1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 |
They can be operated forward and reverse, and the transmission is smooth at low or high speeds. |
| Planetary reducers |
Straight-tooth planetary reducers and helical-tooth planetary reducers |
5 to 200 |
Planetary reducers are suitable for equipment in chemical plants that require precision control and fast response. |
| Hard Gear Reducers |
As per the types of gear: Helical Gear, Cylindrical Gear, Bevel Gear, Planetary Gear |
5 to 10 |
Hard gear reducers are very practical for equipment of chemical processes where small and medium batch production and high-density production are required, e.g. bottle production lines, cap rotators, etc. |
| Worm and Worm Gear Reducer |
As per the type of worm:
Cylindrical, Circular, Bevel， and Worm-Gear |
5 to 100 |
It has a compact structure and, a large transmission ratio, but low transmission efficiency, suitable for small power, clearance work occasions in chemical machinery purposes. |
| Cycloid reducer |
Right-angle type, swashplate type, suspension type, parallel shaft type |
9、11、17、23、29、35、43、59、71、87 |
High reduction ratio. one-stage transmission is 9~87, wo-stage transmission is 121~5133, and the multi-stage combination can reach tens of thousands. Compact structure. Low noise. |
| Three-ring reducer |
|
11 to 99 |
It has the advantages of high torque, smooth operation, big transmission ratio, and good overload performance. |
| Induction reducer |
Mechanical, hydraulically actuated, electronically controlled wet friction discs |
Induction reducer manual speed change ratio is 1:5
|
It is usually used for reactor mixing, widely used in occasions that require multi-variable process parameters and continuous change of speed. |
2.1.1.1.5 Intelligent control equipment
PLC controller, PID controller.
They can monitor and control the chemical processes as per the programming.
2.1.1.2 Difference between Chemical Machines and Universal Machines
Chemical machines generally use standard specification products, and the division with machinery for other fields is not very strict. For example, some pumps are used in chemical processes but also can be used as general equipment in other industrial sectors.
2.1.2 Chemical equipment
Chemical equipment mainly refers to the parts that are static machinery, also called non-standard chemical machinery.
2.1.2.1 Types of Chemical Equipment
There are many kinds of chemical equipment, classification method has a variety of ways and means.
2.1.2.1.1 As per the function:
2.1.2.1.1.1 Separation tower:
packing tower, floating valve tower, bubble tower, turntable tower, etc.
2.1.2.1.1.2 Chemical containers:
vessels, tanks, kettles, and so on.
2.1.2.1.1.3 Reactor:
tubular reactor, fluidized reactor, fixed bed reactor, stirred kettle reactor, etc. Tubular reactor
It is the chemical equipment that is made for the chemical reaction to occur inside the tube or tubes.
This type of reactor is available in a wide range of sizes from 0.1 liters to thousands of cubic meters.
Fluidized reactor
Fixed bed reactor
Stirred kettle reactor
The stirred kettle reactors are usually used in batch production.
Reactors made by
WHGCM:
WHGCM could make the tubular reactor and stirred reactor from the scale of 0.10 liters to 20,000.00 liters.
2.1.2.1.1.4 Heat exchanger:
This is chemical equipment for heating and cooling purposes. Compared with the cooling and heating machines mentioned above, the heat exchanger introduced here is customized and fabricated for large industrial applications. Plate heat exchanger
Tube heat exchanger
Coil heat exchanger
The plate and tube heat exchanger are equipment mainly used for large-scale industry, while the coil heat exchange is equipment mostly assembled inside the stirred reactor for batch production purposes for medium or small-scale production.
2.1.2.1.1.5 Heating furnace:
electric heating furnace, tube cracking furnace, waste heat boiler, and so on;
2.1.2.1.1.6 Crystallization equipment:
solution crystallizer, melt crystallizer, etc.
2.1.2.1.1.7 Various other specialized chemical equipment, etc.
2.1.2.1.2 As per the structure of the material:
Carbon steel equipment, stainless steel equipment, non-ferrous metal equipment, and non-metallic equipment.
2.1.2.1.3 As per work pressure:
high-pressure equipment, medium-pressure equipment vacuum equipment, atmospheric pressure equipment.
2.2 Classified by applications:
Chemical machinery can be broadly divided into the following categories: grinding series (sand mill, colloid mill, ball mill, three-roller mill, etc.) coating complete sets of equipment; kneading series; mixing and dispersing series; reaction series; emulsification series; mixing series; dry mortar equipment; filtration series, etc.
III, Roles of Chemical Machinery
The normal operation of the chemical production process, product quality yield control, and guarantee are highly determined by the performance of a variety of chemical machinery.
IV, Selection of chemical equipment
The selection of chemical equipment shall adapt to the needs of chemical production and detailed calculations of the entire chemical production process.
V, Characteristics of Chemical Machinery
The whole set of chemical machinery consists of chemical equipment, chemical machines, and other components such as chemical instrumentation, chemical piping, valves, etc.
To ensure the safe, stable, and reliable production of the whole set of facilities, the chemical machinery is required to have the following properties.
5.1 Adaptability.
Chemical machinery needs to adapt to
properties, quantity, process characteristics, production scale, and so on.
5.2 Compatibility.
A set of chemical machinery, regardless of continuous and batch production, is composed of a variety of equipment and machines, so the requirements between chemical machines and other equipment, including piping, valves, instruments, meters, electrical circuits, and other fittings need to have a reliable synergy and adaptability.
5.3 Practicality.
The chemical machinery should
have sufficient sealing performance and mechanical strength in the structure of the material and strength under the conditions of the normal temperature, pressure, flow, corrosive properties of materials, and other operating conditions.
It also requires significant capabilities to withstand, prevent, and solve emergencies, to deal with possible abnormalities, and even the possible extreme conditions.
5.4 Durability.
No matter whether continuous or batch chemical production units need to be operated for a long time. Therefore, the machinery's life must be long by ensuring the wear, corrosion, and other factors of the chemical machinery.
5.5 High efficiency.
Optimize the chemical machinery materials, selection, costs, efficiency, and energy consumption, at the same of meeting the above conditions.
5.6 Versatility.
Most chemical machinery with various structures and performances are also applicable to industries such as oil refining, light industry, food, and so on.
VI, Applications:
6.1 For large-scale chemical plants
6.1.1 Organic chemical plant:
The chemical machinery used in this field is mainly for the production of organic compounds, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids, lipids, etc., mainly used in plastics, coatings, pharmaceuticals, food, pesticides, and other fields.
6.1.2 Inorganic chemical plant:
The machinery is for the production of inorganic compounds, such as salt, alkali, metal salts, phosphates, etc., mainly used in detergents, glass, ceramics, metal processing, and other fields.
6.1.3 Chemical raw materials factory:
The machinery is to produce a variety of chemical raw materials, such as petroleum, natural gas, coal, ammonia, methanol, benzene, etc., mainly used in the chemical industry, energy industry, transport industry, and other fields.
6.2 For Small chemical plants:
6.2.1 Detergent production:
The chemical machinery can produce washing powder, washing liquid, detergent, and other products.
6.2.2 Food additives production:
The machinery can produce acidifiers, sweeteners, flavors, and other products.
6.2.3 Cosmetic production:
The products made by the chemical machinery include cosmetics, personal care products, and other products.
6.2.4 Paint and coating production:
The set of machinery can make paint, paint, and other products.
6.2.5 Cleaning agent production:
The machinery used in this field can produce cleaning agents, disinfectants, and other products.
6.2.6 Pharmaceutical intermediates production:
The machines and equipment for this application are for the production of pharmaceutical intermediates, such as amino acids, vitamins, and so on.
6.2.7 Organic chemicals production:
The chemical machinery of this application is producing organic chemicals, such as insecticides, dyes, resins, etc.
6.2.8 Functional chemicals production:
The equipment and machines are able to produce functional chemicals, such as polymer materials, special gases, and so on in this field.
VII, Cutlines of chemical machinery
Each type of chemical equipment has its own cutline on the drawings.
7.1 Tower (Code T)
 |
| Packed tower Plate tower Spraying tower |
7.2 Tower internals
 |
| Downcomer Seal pan Floating valve tray Bubble cap plate |
 |
| Grille board Standpipe Turbulent ball tower Sieve plate tower tray Wire mesh demister |
 |
| Distributor sprayer Filler demister layer |
7.3 Reactor (code R)
 |
| Fixed-bed reactor Tubular reactor Fluidized-bed reactor Reactors with agitator, jacked, and coil |
7.4 Industrial furnace (code F)
 |
| Batch-type furnace Cylindrical furnace |
7.5 Torch chimney (code S)
 |
| Chimney Torch |
7.6 Heat Exchanger (code E)
 |
| Heat exchanger diagram fixed tube sheet heat exchanger U-tube heat exchanger |
 |
| Float head heat-exchanger Kettle Reboiler Plate heat exchanger Spiral-plate heat exchanger |
 |
| Fintube exchanger Coil heat exchanger Spray cooler |
 |
| Scraped film evaporator Film evaporator Exhaust air cooler Air supply air cooler Finned tube heat exchanger |
7.7 Pump (code P)
 |
| Centrifugal pump Water ring vacuum pump Rotary gear pump Screw pump |
 |
| Diaphragm pump Submerged pump Jet pump Vortex pump |
7.8 Compressor (code C)
 |
| Air blower Horizontal rotary compressor Vertical rotary compressor Reciprocating compressor |
 |
| Two-stage reciprocating compressor Four-stage reciprocating compressor |
7.9 Vessel ( code V)
 |
| Cone roof tank Underground pool Floater Dome cone bottom container |
 |
| Dished heads vessel Flat-top sealed can Dry gas holder Wet gas holder Spherical tank |
 |
| Horizontal vessel Filler demister Wire mesh demister |
 |
| Cyclone separator Dry electrostatic precipitator Wet electrostatic precipitator Fixed bed filter Filter with filter cartridge |
7.10 Equipment interior accessories
 |
| Vortex breaker Insert tube vortex breaker Baffle plate Heating or cooling components Agitator |
7.11 Lifting and transportation machinery (code L)
 |
| Chain hoist (with trolley) Electric hoist single-beam crane(manual) single-beam crane(Electric ) |
 |
| Cantilever crane Overhead crane with hook Belt conveyor |
 |
| Scraper conveyor Bucket elevator Handcart |
7.12 Weighing machinery (code W)
 |
| Belt type constant feed weigher Ground scale |
7.13 Other machinery (code M)
 |
| Filter press Rotary drum filter Perforated shell centrifuge |
 |
| Solid wall centrifuge Screw filter press Extruding machine |
 |
| Kneader Mixer |
7.14 Power machine
 |
| Motor Engine Steam turbine Other power machines Centrifugal turbine Piston Expander |
